Thermal power station - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A thermal power station is a power plant in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of the world the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different heat sources, fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also used. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heatenergy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS: STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS IN THE IAEA POWER REACTOR INFORMATION SYSTEM (PRIS) IAEA, VIENNA, 2007 IAEA-TECDOC-1544 ISBN 92–0–102507–6 ISSN 1011–4289. Pump/circulator motor rating – the electric power input to the reactor coolant pump or circulator motor at the normal operating parameters of the coolant. The actual value should be entered in MW. For units that use steam driven pumps or circulators. ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DESIGN.pdf. by senuvas 1,683 KB | 2009-01-06 | File | Report Abuse. Remove Ads x. Electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water. conduit to turbine generators located in a power plant at a lower level. Rated Capacity That capacity which a hydro generator can deliver without exceeding mechanical safety factors or a nominal temperature rise. UNIT 4 DIESEL ENGINE POWER PLANT Diesel Engine Power Plant Structure 4.1 Introduction Objectives 4.2 Essential Elements of Diesel Power Plant 4.3 Fuel Injection System. The design and layout of the plant are quite simple. (b) It occupies less space as the number and size of the auxiliaries is small. (c). electric pulse may be applied in closely-controlled sequence with the valve events on. A thermal power station is a power plant in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most of the world the prime mover is steam driven. . Electric Power Plant Design - Technical Manual.pdf. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Jump to: navigation. Description=Electric Power Plant Design - Technical Manual |Source=http:// Commons. There are no pages that link to this file. Retrieved from 'https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Electric_Power_Plant_Design_-_Technical_Manual.pdf&oldid=37774497' Categories: Power plants; Electrical engineering. A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, powerhouse, or generating plant) is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Keywords: micro-hydro-electric power plant, design and implementation, hydro-turbines. I. INTRODUCTION Energy is one of the most fundamental elements of our universe. It is inevitability for survival and indispensable for development activities to promote education, health, transportation and infrastructure for attaining a reasonable standard of living and. ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DESIGN - download at 4shared. ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DESIGN is hosted at free file sharing service 4shared. EEE 463 - Electrical Power Plants. including solar, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and ocean, energy sources. Power plant thermal cycle analysis. Cogeneration and combined cycles. Economics, operations, and design of electric power stations. Energy storage. Pre-requisites: CHM 114 or 116 [chemistry]; MAE 240 or PHY 241 [thermodynamics]; and MAT 274 or 275 [differential equations].Globally, fossil- fuel power stations produce a large part of man- made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread. Types of thermal energy sources[edit]Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can be used to raise steam, by passing this gas through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) the steam is then used to drive a steam turbine in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called fossil- fuel power plants. Some biomass- fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non- nuclear thermal power plants, particularly fossil- fueled plants, which do not use co- generation are sometimes referred to as conventional power plants. Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation. Virtually all Electric power plants use three- phaseelectrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 5. Hz or 6. 0 Hz. Large companies or institutions may have their own power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam- driven power plants have been used to drive most ships in most of the 2. Steam power plants are now only used in large nuclear naval ships. Shipboard power plants usually directly couple the turbine to the ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power plants in such ships also provide steam to smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. Nuclear marine propulsion is, with few exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been many turbo- electric ships in which a steam- driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion. Combined heat and power plants (CH& P plants), often called co- generation plants, produce both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating. Steam and hot water. History[edit]The initially developed reciprocating steam engine has been used to produce mechanical power since the 1. Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. When the first commercially developed central electrical power stations were established in 1. Pearl Street Station in New York and Holborn Viaduct power station in London, reciprocating steam engines were used. The development of the steam turbine in 1. By 1. 89. 2 the turbine was considered a better alternative to reciprocating engines; [2] turbines offered higher speeds, more compact machinery, and stable speed regulation allowing for parallel synchronous operation of generators on a common bus. After about 1. 90. The largest reciprocating engine- generator sets ever built were completed in 1. Manhattan Elevated Railway. Each of seventeen units weighed about 5. Thermal power generation Efficiency[edit]The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered salable energy produced as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 3. As with all heat engines, their efficiency is limited, and governed by the laws of thermodynamics. By comparison, most hydropower stations in the United States are about 9. The energy of a thermal not utilized in power production must leave the plant in the form of heat to the environment. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for district heating, it is called co- generation. An important class of thermal power station are associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are equally important co- products. The Carnot efficiency dictates that higher efficiencies can be attained by increasing the temperature of the steam. Sub- critical fossil fuel power plants can achieve 3. Super critical designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 4. MPa) and multiple stage reheat reaching about 4. Above the critical point for water of 7. В°F (3. 74 В°C) and 3. MPa), there is no phase transition from water to steam, but only a gradual decrease in density. Currently most of the nuclear power plants must operate below the temperatures and pressures that coal- fired plants do, in order to provide more conservative safety margins within the systems that remove heat from the nuclear fuel rods. This, in turn, limits their thermodynamic efficiency to 3. Some advanced reactor designs being studied, such as the very high temperature reactor, advanced gas- cooled reactor and supercritical water reactor, would operate at temperatures and pressures similar to current coal plants, producing comparable thermodynamic efficiency. Electricity cost[edit]The direct cost of electric energy produced by a thermal power station is the result of cost of fuel, capital cost for the plant, operator labour, maintenance, and such factors as ash handling and disposal. Indirect, social or environmental costs such as the economic value of environmental impacts, or environmental and health effects of the complete fuel cycle and plant decommissioning, are not usually assigned to generation costs for thermal stations in utility practice, but may form part of an environmental impact assessment. Typical coal thermal power station[edit]For units over about 2. MW capacity, redundancy of key components is provided by installing duplicates of the forced and induced draft fans, air preheaters, and fly ash collectors. On some units of about 6. MW, two boilers per unit may instead be provided. The list of coal power stations has the 2. MW to 5,5. 00. MW. Boiler and steam cycle[edit]In the nuclear plant field, steam generator refers to a specific type of large heat exchanger used in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to thermally connect the primary (reactor plant) and secondary (steam plant) systems, which generates steam. In a nuclear reactor called a boiling water reactor (BWR), water is boiled to generate steam directly in the reactor itself and there are no units called steam generators. In some industrial settings, there can also be steam- producing heat exchangers called heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) which utilize heat from some industrial process, most commonly utilizing hot exhaust from a gas turbine. The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. Geothermal plants need no boiler since they use naturally occurring steam sources. Heat exchangers may be used where the geothermal steam is very corrosive or contains excessive suspended solids. A fossil fuel steam generator includes an economizer, a steam drum, and the furnace with its steam generating tubes and superheater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to relieve excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air preheater (AP), boiler furnace, induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (electrostatic precipitator or baghouse) and the flue gas stack.[6][7][8]Feed water heating and deaeration[edit]The boiler feedwater used in the steam boiler is a means of transferring heat energy from the burning fuel to the mechanical energy of the spinning steam turbine. The total feed water consists of recirculated condensate water and purified makeup water. Because the metallic materials it contacts are subject to corrosion at high temperatures and pressures, the makeup water is highly purified before use. A system of water softeners and ion exchange demineralizers produces water so pure that it coincidentally becomes an electrical insulator, with conductivity in the range of 0. The makeup water in a 5. MWe plant amounts to perhaps 1. US gallons per minute (7. L/s) to replace water drawn off from the boiler drums for water purity management, and to also offset the small losses from steam leaks in the system. The feed water cycle begins with condensate water being pumped out of the condenser after traveling through the steam turbines. The condensate flow rate at full load in a 5. MW plant is about 6,0. US gallons per minute (4. L/s). Diagram of boiler feed water deaerator (with vertical, domed aeration section and horizontal water storage section). The water is pressurized in two stages, and flows through a series of six or seven intermediate feed water heaters, heated up at each point with steam extracted from an appropriate duct on the turbines and gaining temperature at each stage. Typically, in the middle of this series of feedwater heaters, and before the second stage of pressurization, the condensate plus the makeup water flows through a deaerator[9][1.
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